Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological disorder that may involve multiple
clinical conditions and may be associated with a variety of cardiovascular and respiratory …

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare complication of acute
pulmonary embolism, either symptomatic or not. The occlusion of proximal pulmonary arteries …

In less than 20 years, the first selective type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, sildenafil, has
evolved from a potential anti-angina drug to an on-demand oral treatment for erectile …

Background Uncontrolled studies suggested that aerosolized iloprost, a stable analogue of
prostacyclin, causes selective pulmonary vasodilatation and improves hemodynamics and …

Background Sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5, an enzyme that metabolizes cyclic
guanosine monophosphate, thereby enhancing the cyclic guanosine monophosphate–…

Background Riociguat, a member of a new class of compounds (soluble guanylate cyclase
stimulators), has been shown in previous clinical studies to be beneficial in the treatment of …

Background— Treatment options for pulmonary arterial hypertension target the prostacyclin,
endothelin, or nitric oxide pathways. Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, …

Background Riociguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, has been shown in a phase
2 trial to be beneficial in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Methods In this …

Background Current therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension have been adopted on the
basis of short-term trials with exercise capacity as the primary end point. We assessed the …

… Dr Ghofrani has served on the advisory boards of Pfizer, Encysive, Bayer-Schering, and
Actelion. He has received lecture fees from Encysive, Actelion, Pfizer, Bayer-Schering, and …