Identifying the PECO: A framework for formulating good questions to explore the association of environmental and other exposures with health outcomes

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Formerly the Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) & Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: morganrl@mcmaster.ca.
• ² Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. Electronic address: p.whaley@lancaster.ac.uk.
• ³ Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Division, National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Building B (Room 211i), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. Electronic address: thayer.kris@epa.gov.
• ⁴ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Formerly the Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) & Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: schuneh@mcmaster.ca.