Little is known about the mechanisms which generate cough in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease. This article outlines some of the possible mechanisms which cause cough in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). It goes on to discuss what is currently known about the enhanced cough reflex which afflicts patients with this condition, and describes recent evidence for enhanced expression of neurotrophins in the lungs of these patients. Preliminary data indicating that corticosteroids can reduce the cough reflex response to capsaicin and substance P in IPF offer hope that more specific therapies may be developed in the future.