Chest
Clinical Investigations: RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMSDifferentiation Between the Sensory and Affective Dimension of Dyspnea During Resistive Load Breathing in Normal Subjects
Section snippets
Participants
Ten healthy, white volunteers were studied.Table 1summarizes the mean baseline characteristics of the volunteers. Pregnancy, acute complaints of the respiratory tract, or any chronic medical conditions such as asthma, chronic pain, and sensory deficits were exclusion criteria. After giving written informed consent, volunteers underwent screening spirometry.15 Participants were free to withdraw at any time during the experiment. The study protocol was approved by the local ethical committee.
Measurement of Lung Function
Ventilation
As expected, breathing through inspiratory resistive loads induced a significant increase in Tiwhen compared to baseline conditions (2.16 ± 1.04 s and 1.56 ± 0.68 s, p = 0.012). This was paralleled by significant decreases inf during loaded breathing when compared to baseline conditions (13.05 ± 3.42 breaths/min and 14.64 ± 3.13 breaths/min, respectively; p = 0.003).
Perceived Sensations
VAS ratings for experienced intensity and unpleasantness of dyspnea showed no difference at baseline (0.6 ± 0.5 cm and 1.1 ± 1.1
DISCUSSION
Dyspnea and pain are both unpleasant, alarming physical sensations, resulting from interactions among multiple factors. Because of various similarities, the differentiation between the sensory and affective dimension of dyspnea has been suggested as being a promising avenue for research on dyspnea since a similar differentiation has been a cornerstone of pain research.6, 7, 14 Beside the development of widespread multidimensional pain assessment instruments and interventions, neuroimaging
CONCLUSION
In summary, our findings show that healthy volunteers are able to differentiate between the sensory and affective dimension of experimentally induced dyspnea. These results add further incidence to the perceptual similarities between dyspnea and pain and provide new strategies for future investigations into dyspnea.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Thomas Ritz, PhD, for helpful comments on a prior draft of this article.
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