Abstract
Objective: To compare five preference-based generic measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in terms of change scores, correlations among change scores, responsiveness, and quality adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. Design: Observational longitudinal cohort study where clinical measures and self-assessed HRQOL measures were administered to stroke patients at baseline and at 6 months. Patients were categorized as ‘stable’, ‘some improvement’ and ‘large improvement’ using the Barthel Index, Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). For each group, paired t -tests and variants of effect size were used to compare the responsiveness of preference-based HRQOL summary scores, including the EQ-5D VAS and index-based score, SF-6D, and Health Utilities Index (HUI) Mark 2 (HUI2) and Mark 3 (HUI3) overall utility scores. Results: Ninety-eight of 124 (79%) patients completed the 6-month follow-up. Change scores of the EQ-Index, HUI2, and HUI3 were strongly correlated with changes in the Barthel Index and MRS, while the EQ-5D VAS had higher correlation with CES-D change scores than the other measures. The SF-6D, HUI3, and EQ-Index were generally more responsive than the HUI2 and EQ-5D Visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). QALY estimates based on the EQ-5D index and HUI3 were twice as large as estimates based on the SF-6D and HUI2. Conclusions : The results of this study may assist in informing the selection of a preference-based generic HRQOL measure, although choice will also depend on study goals and context. We would caution against the generalization of the study results on responsiveness to conditions when more subtle change is expected.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CES-D:
-
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
- EQ-VAS:
-
EQ-5D visual analogue scale
- HRQOL:
-
health-related quality of life
- HUI:
-
Health Utilities Index
- MRS:
-
Modified Rankin Scale
- QALYs:
-
quality-adjusted life years
- SF-36:
-
Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) short-form health survey
- SRM:
-
standardized response mean
References
GH Guyatt DH Feeny DL Patrick (1993) ArticleTitleMeasuring health-related quality of life. Ann Intern Med 188 IssueID8 622–629
MR Gold JE Siegel LB Russel et al. (1996) Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Oxford University Press New York, NY
JM Pyne G Sullivan R Kaplan D Keith Williams (2003) ArticleTitleComparing the sensitivity of generic effectiveness measures with symptom improvement in persons with schizophrenia. Med Care 41 IssueID2 208–217 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005650-200302000-00003 Occurrence Handle12555049
SJ Coons S Rao DL Keininger RD Hays (2000) ArticleTitleA comparative review of generic quality-of-life instruments. Pharmacoeconomics 17 IssueID1 13–35 Occurrence Handle10747763
JE Ware SuffixJr CD Sherbourne (1992) ArticleTitleThe MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30 IssueID6 473–483 Occurrence Handle1593914
R Brooks (1996) ArticleTitleEuroQol: The current state of play. Health Policy 37 IssueID1 53–72 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0168-8510(96)00822-6 Occurrence Handle10158943
DH Feeny G Torrance WJ Furlong (1996) Chapter 26: Health Utilities Index. B Spilker (Eds) Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials EditionNumber2 Lippincott-Raven Publishers Philadelphia 239–251
D Feeny W Furlong GW Torrance et al. (2002) ArticleTitleMultiattribute and single-attribute utility functions for the health utilities index mark 3 system. Med Care 40 IssueID2 113–128 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005650-200202000-00006 Occurrence Handle11802084
CA McHorney (1998) ArticleTitleMethodological inquiries in health status assessment. Med Care 36 IssueID4 445–448 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005650-199804000-00001 Occurrence Handle9544585
DL Patrick Y-P Chiang (2000) ArticleTitleMeasurement health outcomes in treatment effectiveness evaluations: Conceptual and methodological challenges. Med Care 38 IssueID(suppl 2) 14–25
MH Liang (2000) ArticleTitleLongitudinal construct validity: Establishment of clinical meaning in patient evaluative instruments. Med Care 38 IssueID(suppl 2) 84–90
L Bessette O Sangha KM Kuntz et al. (1998) ArticleTitleComparative responsiveness of generic versus disease-specific and weighted versus unweighted health status measures in carpal tunnel syndrome. Med Care 36 IssueID4 491–502 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005650-199804000-00005 Occurrence Handle9544589
GR Norman P Stratford G Reghr (1997) ArticleTitleMethodological problems in the retrospective computation of responsiveness to change: The lesson of Cronbach. J Clin Epidemiol 50 IssueID8 869–879 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00097-8 Occurrence Handle9291871
M Kelly-Hayes PA Wolf CS Kase et al. (1989) ArticleTitleTime course of functional recovery after stroke: The Framingham Study. J Neurolog Rehab 3 IssueID2 65–70
S-M Lai PW Duncan (2001) ArticleTitleStroke recovery profile and the modified rankin assessment. Neuroepidemiology 20 26–30 Occurrence Handle10.1159/000054754 Occurrence Handle11174042
P Dolan (1997) ArticleTitleModeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med Care 35 IssueID11 1095–1108 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005650-199711000-00002 Occurrence Handle9366889
J Brazier J Roberts M Deverill (2002) ArticleTitleThe estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-36. J Health Econ 21 271–292 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-6296(01)00130-8 Occurrence Handle11939242
JE Ware M Kosinski SD Keller (1994) SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales: A User’s Manual. The Health Institute, New England Medical Center Boston, MA
EF Juniper GH Guyatt R Jaeschke (1996) Chapter 6: How to develop and validate a new health-related quality of life instrument B Spilker (Eds) Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials EditionNumber2 Lippincott-Raven Publishers Philadelphia 49–56
G Hawthorne J Richardson N Atherton Day (2001) ArticleTitleA comparison of the assessment of quality of life (AQoL) with four other generic utility instruments. Ann Med 33 358–370 Occurrence Handle11491195
Locke BA, Putman P. Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Epidemiology and Psychpathology Research Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Services Branch, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Mental Health, 1971
RM Parikh DT Eden TR Price RG Robinson (1988) ArticleTitleThe sensitivity and specificity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in screening for post-stroke depression. Int J Psychiatry Med 18 169–181 Occurrence Handle3170080
D Shinar CR Gross TR Price M Banko PL Bolduc RG Robinson (1986) ArticleTitleScreening for depression in stroke patients: The reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Stroke 17 241–245 Occurrence Handle3961834
J Bamford P Sandercock M Dennis et al. (1991) ArticleTitleClassification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 337 1521–1526
JC Van Swieten PJ Koudstall MC Visser et al. (1988) ArticleTitleInterobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 19 604–607 Occurrence Handle3363593
Granger CV, Seltzer GB, Fishbein CF. Chapter 9: The completed stroke. In: Primary Care of the Functionally Disabled, Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1987; 191–209.
T Brott HP Adams CP Olinger et al. (1989) ArticleTitleMeasurement of acute cerebral infarction: A clinical examination scale. Stroke 20 864–870 Occurrence Handle2749846
G Sulter C Steen J De Keyser (1999) ArticleTitleUse of the Barthel Index and Modified Rankin Scale in acute stroke trials. Stroke 30 1538–1541 Occurrence Handle10436097
D Wallace PW Duncan SM Lai (2002) ArticleTitleComparison of the responsiveness of the Barthel Index and the Motor Component of the Functional Independence Measure in stroke: The impact of using different methods for measuring responsiveness. J Clin Epid 55 922–928 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00410-9
LS Radloff BZ Locke (1986) Chapter 9: The community mental health assessment survey and the CES-D scale MM Weissman JK Myers CE Ross (Eds) Community Surveys of Psychiatric Disorders Rutgers University Press New Jersey 177–189
RD Hays R Anderson D Revicki (1998) Chapter 10: Assessing reliability and validity of measurement in clinical trials MJ Staquet RD Hays PM Fayers (Eds) Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials Oxford University Press Oxford 169–182
LE Kazis JJ Anderson RF Meenan (1989) ArticleTitleEffect sizes for interpreting changes in health status. Med Care 27 S178–S189 Occurrence Handle2646488
MH Liang MG Larson KE Cullen JA Schwartz (1985) ArticleTitleComparative measurement efficiency and sensitivity of five health status instruments for arthritis research. Arthritis Rheum 28 542–547 Occurrence Handle4004963
J. Cohen (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences EditionNumber2 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale, NJ 19–74
D Curran PM Fayers G Molenberghs D. Machin (1998) Chapter 14: Analysis of incomplete quality of life data in clinical trials MJ Staquet RD Hays PM Fayers (Eds) Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials Oxford University Press Oxford 249–280
TO Tengs TH Lin (2003) ArticleTitleA meta-analysis of quality of life estimates for stroke. Pharmacoeconomics 31 IssueID3 191–200
SO de Vries WD Kuipers MG Hunink (1998) ArticleTitleIntermittent claudication: Symptom severity versus health values. J Vasc Surg 27 IssueID3 422–430 Occurrence Handle9546227
Conner-Spady B, Suarez-Almazor M. A comparison of preference-based health status tools in patients with musculoskeletal disease. Proceedings of the 18th Plenary Meeting of the Euroqol Group, 6–7 September, 2001, Copenhagen Denmark
W Hollingworth R Mackenzie CJ Todd AK Dixon (1995) ArticleTitleMeasuring changes in quality of life following magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: SF-36, EuroQol or Rosser index? Qual Life Res 4 325–334 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01593885 Occurrence Handle7550181
K Stavem (1999) ArticleTitleReliability, validity and responsiveness of two multiattribute utility measures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Qual Life Res 8 IssueID1 45–54 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1026475531996 Occurrence Handle10457737
K Stavem (1998) ArticleTitleQuality of life in epilepsy: Comparison of four preference measures. Epilepsy Res 29 IssueID3 201–209 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0920-1211(97)00075-2 Occurrence Handle9551782
EF Juniper GR Norman FM Cox JN Roberts (2001) ArticleTitleComparison of the standard gamble, rating scale, AQLQ and SF-36 for measuring quality of life in asthma. Eur Respir J 18 IssueID1 38–44 Occurrence Handle10.1183/09031936.01.00088301 Occurrence Handle11510803
JL Bosch MG Hunink (2000) ArticleTitleComparison of the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) and the EuroQol EQ-5D in patients treated for intermittent claudication. Qual Life Res 9 IssueID6 591–601 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008929129537 Occurrence Handle11236850
C Anderson S Laubscher R Burns (1996) ArticleTitleValidation of the Short Form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire among stroke patients. Stroke 27 1812–1816 Occurrence Handle8841336
PW Duncan GP Samsa M Weinberger et al. (1997) ArticleTitleHealth status of individuals with mild stroke. Stroke 28 740–745 Occurrence Handle9099189
JC Hobart LS Williams K Moran et al. (2002) ArticleTitleQuality of life measurement after stroke: Uses and abuses of the SF-36. Stroke 33 1348–1356 Occurrence Handle10.1161/01.STR.0000015030.59594.B3 Occurrence Handle11988614
PJ Dorman JM Slattery B Farrell et al. (1997) ArticleTitleA randomized comparison of the EuroQol and SF-36 after stroke Br Med J 315 461
PJ Dorman JM Slattery B Farrell et al. (1998) ArticleTitleQualitative comparison of the reliability of health status assessments with the EuroQol and SF-36 questionnaires after stroke. Stroke 29 63–68 Occurrence Handle9445330
SD Mathias MM Bates DJ Pasta et al. (1997) ArticleTitleUse of the Health Utilities Index with stroke patients and their caregivers. Stroke 28 IssueID10 1888–1894 Occurrence Handle9341690
P Grootendorst D Feeny W Furlong (2000) ArticleTitleHealth Utilities Index Mark 3: Evidence of construct validity for stroke and arthritis in a population health survey. Med Care 38 IssueID3 290–299 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005650-200003000-00006 Occurrence Handle10718354
GR Norman FG Sridhar GH Guyatt SD Walter (2001) ArticleTitleRelation of distribution- and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life. Med Care 39 IssueID10 1039–1047 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00005650-200110000-00002 Occurrence Handle11567167
GP Samsa D Edelman ML Rothman et al. (1999) ArticleTitleDetermining clinically important differences in health status measures. Pharmacoeconomics 15 IssueID2 141–155 Occurrence Handle10351188
M Drummond (2001) ArticleTitleIntroducing economic and quality of life measurements into clinical studies. Ann Med 33 344–349 Occurrence Handle11491193
Walters SJ, Brazier JE. What is the relationship between the minimally clinically important difference and health state utility values? The case of the SF-6D’. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003; 1: 4.
JE Brazier R Harper J Munro et al. (1999) ArticleTitleGeneric and condition-specific outcome measures for people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Rheumatology 38 870–877 Occurrence Handle10.1093/rheumatology/38.9.870 Occurrence Handle10515649
R Harper JE Brazier JC Waterhouse et al. (1997) ArticleTitleComparison of outcome measures for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in an outpatient setting. Thorax 52 879–887 Occurrence Handle9404375
C Jenkinson J Stradling S Petersen (1997) ArticleTitleComparison of three measures of quality of life outcome in the evaluation of continuous positive airways pressure therapy for sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res 6 199–204 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00043.x Occurrence Handle9358398
GH Guyatt GR Norman EF Juniper LE Griffith (2002) ArticleTitleA critical look at transition ratings. J Clin Epidemiol 55 900–908 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00435-3 Occurrence Handle12393078
JA Husted RJ Cook VT Farewell et al. (2000) ArticleTitleMethods for assessing responsiveness: A critical review and recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol 53 459–468 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00206-1 Occurrence Handle10812317
KW Wyrwich FD Wolinsky (2000) ArticleTitleIdentifying meaningful intra-individual change standards for health-related quality of life measures. J Eval Clin Pract 6 IssueID1 39–49 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2753.2000.00238.x Occurrence Handle10807023
MAG Sprangers CE Schwartz (1999) ArticleTitleIntegrating response shift into health-related quality of life research: A theoretical model. Soc Sci Med 48 1507–1515 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00045-3 Occurrence Handle10400253
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simon Pickard, A., Johnson, J.A. & Feeny, D.H. Responsiveness of generic health-related quality of life measures in stroke. Qual Life Res 14, 207–219 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-004-3928-3
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-004-3928-3