TABLE 1

Inflammatory, epithelial dysfunction and mucociliary clearance biomarkers in bronchiectasis and clinical associations

	Clinical associations
	Radiological severity	Lung function	Exacerbations	Bacterial colonisation	Severity scores	Acute infection	Antibiotic response	Mortality	References
Neutrophilic inflammation
Neutrophil proteins
NE	●	●	●	●	●	●	●		[39–42]
NETs			●	●	●		●	●	[29]
PR-3						●			[43]
MPO	●			●	●		●		[19, 44–46]
PZP			●	●	●				[47]
Protease/antiprotease imbalance
SLPI		●	●	●	●				[26, 48]
Inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules
LTB₄	●	●	●						[49]
TNF-α	●			●		●	●		[50, 51]
IL-1β	●			●		●	●		[19, 44, 52]
IL-8	●			●		●	●		[44, 50, 52]
Eosinophilic inflammation
Blood eosinophils			●		●			●	[53, 54]
F_ENO		●			●				[55]
Epithelial dysfunction and mucociliary clearance
Mucins
MUC5AC				●	●		●		[56–58]
MMPs
MMP-9	●	●	●		●				[26, 59–61]
MMP-8	●	●			●				[59, 60, 62]
Antimicrobial peptides
LL-37		●	●	●	●				[26, 48]
Lactoferrin				●					[26, 48]
Lysozyme				●					[26, 48]
Systemic inflammatory markers
CRP	●		●	●	●	●	●	●	[50, 63–66]
White cell count	●	●				●	●		[50, 51, 63, 67, 68]
Neutrophil count	●	●				●	●		[46, 51, 68]
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio				●		●			[63, 69]
Platelet count			●		●	●		●	[70]
p-Selectin					●				[71]
Fibrinogen			●	●	●	●			[72, 73]
ESR			●				●		[67, 68]
Desmosine								●	[74]

NE: neutrophil elastase; NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps; PR: proteinase; MPO: myeloperoxidase; PZP: pregnancy zone protein; SLPI: secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; LTB₄: leukotriene B₄; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; F_ENO: exhaled nitric oxide fraction; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Reproduced and modified from Amaro et al. [25] with permission.