TABLE 1

Nonpharmacological management options and their effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety in people with COPD

Treatment options		Anxiety		Depression
Category of treatment	Specific kind of treatment	Effect	References of reviews/systematic reviews/meta-analysis	Effect	References of reviews/systematic reviews/meta-analysis
Psychotherapy	Cognitive behavioural therapy	+	[102]	+	[102]
Psychotherapy	Mindfulness-based intervention	−	[103]	−	[103]
Self-management interventions		++	[104]	++	[104]
Relaxation therapy	Relaxation therapy	+	[105]	+	[105]
Relaxation therapy	Progressive muscle relaxation	+	[106]	+	[106]
Mind–body exercise	Qigong	+	[107, 108]	+	[107, 108]
	Tai chi	−	[109]	−	[109]
	Yoga	−	[110, 111]	−	[110, 111]
Music therapy	Music therapy	+	[112]	−	[112]
Music therapy	Singing	−	[113, 114]	−	[113, 114]
Integrated disease management		−	[115, 116]	−	[115, 116]
Collaborative care model		−	[117]	−	[117]
Pulmonary rehabilitation		++	[118]	+++	[118]
Telemonitoring		−	[119, 120]	−	[119, 120]

+++: Strong evidence for beneficial effect; ++: moderate evidence for beneficial effect; +: small/promising evidence for beneficial effect; −: no consistent evidence for beneficial effect.