Risk factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Gram-negative bacteria (including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains)
| Risk factor for MDR strain | |
| Demographics | |
| Older age [102] | No |
| Underweight [103] | Yes |
| Residence in a nursing home or extended care facility [102] | No |
| Underlying conditions | |
| Chronic lung disease, mainly COPD and bronchiectasis [104–106] | Yes |
| Immunodepression [102] | No |
| Chronic dialysis [102] | No |
| Cardiovascular disease [103, 105] | Yes |
| Cerebrovascular disease [105] | No |
| Diabetes [107] | No |
| Others | |
| Smoking [107] | No |
| Antimicrobial (both oral and intravenous) in the preceding 90 days [104, 106] | Yes |
| Home wound care [102] | No |
| Prior infection or colonisation with an MDR Gram-negative pathogen (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa) [104, 107] | Yes |
| Prior hospitalisation [103] | Yes |
| Enteral tube feeding [105] | No |
| Clinical presentation | |
| Severe disease (e.g. CAP requiring ICU admission) [103, 106] | No |
| PSI score III, IV [104] | No |
ICU: intensive care unit; PSI: pneumonia severity index.