TABLE 1

Important studies regarding non-Aspergillus invasive mould infections (IMIs)

First author [ref.], year#CountryStudy type, periodInfections (n)Baseline diseaseIMI epidemiologyMortality
Neofytos [11], 2009USA and CanadaProspective, 2004–2007250 IFDs, 35 non-Aspergillus mould infectionsHSCT recipients51% Mucorales, 11% Fusarium spp., 38% other moulds (not specified)12-week mortality: 72%
Hsiue [14], 2009TaiwanRetrospective, 2000–200827 non-Aspergillus mould infections58% haematological malignancies, 12% solid tumour, 12% SOT, 8% diabetes mellitus, 8% HIV44% Fusarium spp., 26% Paecilomyces spp., 19% Mucorales, 11% Scedosporium spp.12-week mortality: 41%
Kontoyiannis [9], 2010USAProspective, 2001–20051208 IFDs, 169 non-Aspergillus mould infections73% HSCT, 27% SOT62% Mucorales, 25% Fusarium spp., 13% Scedosporium spp.90-day mortality: 56.6%
Nucci [10], 2013BrazilProspective, 2007–200966 IFDs, 35 non-Aspergillus mould infections61% HSCT, 39% acute leukaemia69% Fusarium spp., 23% hyaline moulds, 8% Mucorales6-week mortality: 47%
Girmenia [15], 2014ItalyProspective, 2008–2010164 IFDs, 11 non-Aspergillus mould infectionsHSCT recipients54% Mucorales, 27% Fusarium spp., 9% Scedosporium spp., 9% other hyaline moulds100-day mortality: 75%
Slavin [5], 2014Australia and New ZealandRetrospective, 2004–2012162 non-Aspergillus mould infections46% haematological malignancies, 23% diabetes mellitus, 17% HSCT, 16% COPD, 15% no comorbidities, 14% SOT46% Mucorales, 33% Scedosporium spp., 10% phaeohyphomycetes, 8% Fusarium spp., 5% other hyaline moulds90-day mortality: 44.4%
Fox [12], 2014SpainRetrospective, 2009–20117 non-Aspergillus mould infectionsHSCT recipients72% Mucorales, 14% Scedosporium spp., 14% other hyaline mouldsOverall mortality: 85%
Peghin [13], 2016SpainRetrospective, 2003–201310 non-Aspergillus mould infectionsLung transplant recipients40% Purpureocillium lilacinum, 40% Scedosporium apiospermum, 20% other hyaline mouldsOverall mortality: 40%
Lee [8], 2020South KoreaRetrospective, 2011–2018689 IMIs, 46 non-Aspergillus mould infectionsAll cases in patients with haematological diseases57% Mucorales, 19% Fusarium spp., 4% Scedosporium spp., 15% other hyaline moulds, 4% phaeohyphomycetes12-week mortality: 39.1%

IFD: invasive fungal disease; HSCT: haematopoietic stem cell transplant; SOT: solid organ transplant. #: publications listed in chronological order.