Pooled estimates of the association between tuberculosis and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis or mortality
| Model 1# | Model 2¶ | Model 3+ | ||||
| Studies n | Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) | Studies n | Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) | Studies n | Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) | |
| Cohort studies | ||||||
| Lung cancer diagnosis | 8ƒ | 2.96 (2.28–3.83) | 7 | 1.77 (1.41–2.22) | 5 | 1.51 (1.30–1.76) |
| Adenocarcinoma | NA | 3 | 2.00 (0.93–4.31) | 3 | 2.00 (0.93–4.31) | |
| Small cell carcinoma | NA | 3 | 0.88 (0.34–2.26) | 3 | 0.88 (0.34–2.26) | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | NA | 3 | 2.01 (1.00–4.03) | 3 | 2.01 (1.00–4.03) | |
| Lung cancer mortality | 7 | 2.97 (2.14–4.11) | 2 | 1.62 (1.18–2.21) | NA | |
| Case–control studies | ||||||
| Lung cancer diagnosis | 41 | 2.00 (1.65–2.41) | 23 | 1.76 (1.41–2.19) | 19 | 1.74 (1.42–2.13) |
| Adenocarcinoma | 10 | 2.27 (1.46–3.52) | 8 | 1.96 (1.20–3.21) | 6 | 1.51 (0.92–2.48) |
| Small cell carcinoma | 4 | 2.26 (1.13–4.52) | 3 | 1.50 (0.95–2.39) | 2 | 2.05 (0.42–10.03) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 3 | 4.51 (2.75–7.39) | 4 | 2.43 (1.34–4.41) | 3 | 2.23 (0.85–5.86) |
| Lung cancer mortality | 1 | 2.86 (1.87–4.45) | NA | NA | ||
NA: not applicable (no study reporting this estimate). #: unadjusted estimates of lung cancer and previous tuberculosis; ¶: adjusted for age and any assessment of smoking; +: adjusted for age and quantitatively assessed smoking; §: hazard ratio for cohort studies and odds ratio for case–control studies; ƒ: studies from Taiwan used the same database and duplication of information was possible, so we considered only the cohort with the largest sample size [14].