Stratified pooled analysis of the association between tuberculosis and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis
| Model 1# | Model 2¶ | Model 3+ | ||||
| Studies n | Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) | Studies n | Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) | Studies n | Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) | |
| Cohort studies | ||||||
| Risk of biasƒ | ||||||
| Low | 4 | 2.27 (1.58–3.26) | 4 | 2.16 (1.35–3.44) | 3 | 1.72 (1.25–2.38) |
| Moderate | 7 | 3.68 (2.57–5.27) | 2 | 1.38 (1.31–1.46) | 1 | 1.38 (1.31–1.46) |
| High | 1 | 5.86 (3.03–11.37) | 1 | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 1 | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 4 | 1.95 (1.43–2.67) | 2 | 1.59 (1.12–2.26) | 2 | 1.59 (1.12–2.26) |
| Female | 3 | 2.37 (1.92–2.92) | 1 | 1.49 (1.28–1.74) | 1 | 1.49 (1.28–1.74) |
| Smoking statusƒ | ||||||
| Never-smokers | 1 | 2.45 (2.21–2.72) | 2 | 1.69 (1.21–2.38) | 2 | 1.69 (1.21–2.38) |
| Latency periodƒ | ||||||
| Up to 1 year | 1 | 12.5 (7.17–21.73) | 2 | 8.50 (4.09–17.67) | 2 | 8.50 (4.09–17.67) |
| Up to 2 years | NA | 2 | 5.01 (3.64–6.89) | 2 | 5.01 (3.64–6.89) | |
| Up to 5 years | 2 | 7.69 (4.79–12.34) | NA | NA | ||
| ≥2 years | NA | 2 | 1.44 (1.06–1.96) | 2 | 1.44 (1.06–1.96) | |
| ≥4 years | NA | 2 | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | 2 | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | |
| ≥5 years | 2 | 2.36 (0.90–6.19) | NA | NA | ||
| ≥7 years | 2 | 1.61 (0.88–2.95) | 1 | 1.69 (0.62–4.65) | 1 | 1.69 (0.62–4.65) |
| ≥10 years | NA | 2 | 1.15 (0.40–3.29) | 2 | 1.15 (0.40–3.29) | |
| Case–control studies | ||||||
| Risk of biasƒ | ||||||
| Low | 5 | 1.92 (0.82–4.51) | 2 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 1 | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) |
| Moderate | 15 | 1.89 (1.38–2.58) | 10 | 1.94 (1.48–2.55) | 10 | 1.94 (1.48–2.55) |
| High | 21 | 2.18 (1.83–2.59) | 11 | 1.87 (1.47–2.39) | 8 | 1.48 (1.16–1.87) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 10 | 2.34 (1.81–3.03) | 6 | 2.07 (1.57–2.71) | 5 | 1.87 (1.31–2.66) |
| Female | 23 | 2.04 (1.67–2.50) | 13 | 1.84 (1.49–2.29) | 11 | 1.78 (1.39–2.28) |
| Smoking statusƒ | ||||||
| Never-smokers | 18 | 1.69 (1.20–2.36) | 13 | 1.90 (1.51–2.39) | 13 | 1.90 (1.51–2.39) |
| Latency periodƒ | ||||||
| 1–5 years | NA | 2 | 7.20 (0.52–99.19) | 2 | 7.20 (0.52–99.19) | |
| ≥5 years | NA | 2 | 3.03 (1.30–7.04) | 2 | 3.03 (1.30–7.04) | |
| ≥10 years | NA | 3 | 1.57 (1.13–2.16) | 3 | 1.57 (1.13–2.16) | |
| ≥20 years | NA | 3 | 1.54 (0.97–2.44) | 3 | 1.54 (0.97–2.44) | |
NA: not applicable (no study reporting this estimate). #: unadjusted estimates of lung cancer and previous tuberculosis; ¶: adjusted for age and any assessment of smoking; +: adjusted for age and quantitatively assessed smoking; §: hazard ratio for cohort studies and odds ratio for case–control studies; ƒ: pre-specified subgroup analysis.