Summary of associations by study for selected predictors of sleep disordered breathing (SDB)
| AHI | oAHI | CAI | Nocturnal hypoventilation | |||||||||
| Positive association | Negative association | No association | Positive association | Negative association | No association | Positive association | Negative association | No association | Positive association | Negative association | No association | |
| Age | Shires [34], Lee [27] | de Miguel-Díez [4] (r= −0.195; OR=2.9), Skotko [35]# | Nehme [8], Breslin [20], Brooks [21], Durhan [23], Chamseddin [22], Skotko [35]# (d= −0.74) | Rosen [33], Nehme [8] (OR=1.14) | Maris [29] (r= −0.199), Waters [36] (Chi-squared=12.87) | Nehme [8], Maris [29] | Naime [30] | Chamseddin [22] | Richard [32] | |||
| Male sex | de Miguel-Díez [4] (OR=3.32) | Brooks [21] | Skotko [35], Shires [34], Austeng [17], Breslin [20] (OR=0.22), Lee [27] | Maris [29], Rosen [33] | Naime [30]# | Naime [30]# | ||||||
| Body mass index | Shires [34]#, Dyken [9] (r=0.62), Basil [19] (risk ratios 2.4 and 1.4), Elsharkawi [24]# | Brooks [21], Lee [27], Skotko [35], Breslin [20] (d= −0.15; OR=0.73), Austeng [17], Shires [34]# (R2=0.2), Elsharkawi [24]# (r=0.21), Durhan [23], de Miguel-Díez [4] (OR=0.7), Nehme [8] | Basil [19] (Spearman ρ=0.16) | Maris [29], Chamseddin [22], Nehme [8] (OR=0.71) | Richard [32] | |||||||
| Presence of GORD | Nehme [8] (OR=0.70), Shires [34] | Nehme [8] (OR=0.16) | ||||||||||
| History of rhinitis/rhinorrhoea/sinusitis | Nehme [8] (OR=2.13), Nehme [8] (adjustedOR=2.38) | Nehme [8] (adjusted4.49) | Nehme [8] (OR=2.22) | |||||||||
| Adenotonsillar hypertrophy | Shires [34] (r2=0.75), de Miguel-Díez [4]# (OR=4.7) | Nehme [8] (OR=1.16), de Miguel-Díez [4]# (OR=0.4) | Maris [29], Nehme [8] (OR=1.26) | |||||||||
| Dental examinations | Durhan [23]# | Skotko [35], de Miguel-Díez [4], Durhan [23]# | ||||||||||
| Parental questionnaires of sleep behaviours | Breslin [20] (d=0.56, d=0.51), Brooks [21], Nehme [8] (OR=0.79–2.38), Friedman [25] | Maris [28], Nehme [8] (OR=0.63–1.75), Brooks [21] | ||||||||||
| Snoring | Banjar [18] | Posada [31] | ||||||||||
| Parental questionnaires of neuropsychological or developmental function | Anand [16] (ρ=0.42–0.83 | Breslin [20] (d=0.91) | Lee [27], Brooks [21], Breslin [20] (t: Mann–Whitney U=0.42–1.03, d=0.16–0.36) | |||||||||
| Cognitive function | Anand [16]#, Breslin [20]# (t: Mann–Whitney U=55.50, d=1.06) | Anand [16]# (ρ= −0.62), Breslin [20] (d=0.91), Lee [27]# (coefficientadjusted −9.773) | Breslin [20]# (t: Mann–Whitney U=1.11–85.00, d= −0.54–0.58), Brooks [21], Lee [27]# (coefficientadjusted 6.515) | |||||||||
Association estimates are listed where available. In cases where estimates were not available predictors were associated with SDB if the p-values did not cross the null hypothesis (p<0.05), or based on the author's reporting. AHI: apnoea–hypopnoea index; oAHI: obstructive AHI; CAI: central apnoea index; GORD: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. #: in cases where authors are listed twice in different columns, different outcomes were assessed, details of which may be found in supplementary table A2.