First author, year [ref.] | Methods and setting | Participants | Intervention | Outcomes | Results |
Williams, 2008 [81] | RCT, crossover Sydney | n=12, ESS 6.4±3.1, CPAP users | CPAP withdrawal one night then modafinil versus placebo | Driving simulation, STISIM, CFF, PSQI, FSS, CPAP diary, ESS, SSS | No change in reaction times, CFF Sleepiness reduced with modafinil (SSS p=0.03) |
Williams, 2010 [82] | RCT, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover Sydney | n=21, male, CPAP users | CPAP withdrawal 2 nights then modafinil versus placebo | Driving simulation, PVT, KSS | Modafinil improved PVT, driving simulation, KSS (p=0.01) |
Wang, 2015 [83] | RCT, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover Sydney | n=23, male CPAP users | CPAP withdrawal 2 nights then modafinil versus placebo | Driving simulation, PVT, KSS, PSG, awake EEG | Modafinil improved EEG activation which correlates to improved neurocognitive performance and reduced sleepiness |
CFF: critical flicker fusion; EEG: electroencephalography; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FSS: fatigue severity scale; KSS: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; PSG: polysomnogram; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PVT: psychomotor vigilance task; STISIM: driving simulator; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale.