TABLE 1

Classification of children's interstitial lung disease (chILD) (modified after [3, 7])

ILD: more prevalent in infancy
 A1: diffuse development disordersAcinar dysplasia
Alveolocapillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins
Congenital alveolar dysplasia
 A2: growth abnormalitiesAlveolar simplification
Chronic neonatal lung disease
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Chromosomal alterations
 A3: specific entities of undefined aetiologyPulmonary interstitial glycogenosis
Neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy
 A4: Surfactant dysfunction mutations and related disordersPulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Chronic pneumonitis of infancy
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
 Ax: unclear respiratory distress syndrome in the mature neonate
 Ay: unclear respiratory distress syndrome in the almost mature neonate (30–36 weeks)
ILD: not specific to infancy and childhood
 B1: ILD related to systemic disease processesStorage disease
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Endogenous lipid pneumonia
Immune-related disorders
 B2: ILD of the normal host and due to exposuresHypersensitivity pneumonitis
Infection
Aspiration pneumonia
Eosinophilic bronchiolitis
 B3: ILD of the immunocompromised hostInfection
Obliterative bronchiolitis/restrictive allograft syndrome
 B4: ILD with structural vascular changesPulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
Pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis
Vasculitis
 B5: ILD related to reactive lymphoid lesionsFollicular bronchitis
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia
 Bx: unclear respiratory distress syndrome in the non-neonate