Antibody responses in current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates
| TB vaccine | Current stage# | Evidence of humoral immunity | References |
| Antibodies in BCG vaccines | |||
| BCG | IgG against AM enhanced phagolysosome fusion and intracellular growth inhibition | [51] | |
| BCG | IgG against LAM enhanced cell and innate immunity, enhanced phagocytosis | [52] | |
| BCG | IgG against mycobacterial cell lysate elevated post-BCG | [53] | |
| Antibodies in subunit TB vaccines | |||
| M72/AS01E | IIb | Anti-M72 IgG in humans correlated with protection and persisted for 3 years | [56] |
| H56:IC31 | IIb | Induced H56-specific IgG in phase I trial | [61] |
| (H4:IC31, H56:IC31 and BCG revaccination) | I | Induced anti-H4 and anti-H56 IgG1 and IgG3 | [59] |
| ID93/GLA-SE | IIa | ID93-specific IgG induced in phase I trials | [62] |
| AM-Ag85A | Protective anti-AM and anti-Ag85A antibodies in preclinical study | [63] | |
| Antibodies in viral vector-based TB vaccines | |||
| MVA85A | II | Ag85A-specific CD4 T-cell failed to show protection while anti-Ag85A IgG was protective | [12] |
| MVA85A-IMX313 and MVA85A | Induced IgG specific to Ag85A in phase I trials | [66] | |
| ChAdOx185A/MVA85A | I | Prime vaccination induced anti-Ag85A IgG, and IgG levels increased by a booster vaccine | [67] |
| Antibodies in whole-cell TB vaccines | |||
| VPM1002 (rBCG) | Live/II | Higher anti-PPD antibodies in human in phase II compared to BCG | [68] |
| DAR-901 | Killed/IIb | Induced humoral immunity in mouse model of infection | [69] |
| RUTI | Killed/IIa | Mixed Th1 and Th2 response with antigen-specific antibodies | [70] |
BCG: bacille Calmette–Guérin; AM: arabinomannan; LAM: lipoarabinomannan; Th: T-helper cell. #: the stages of the current TB vaccines included in the table refer to clinical development stages and are based on the TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative [54].