Intrinsic factors | Older age |
Male sex | |
Genetic predisposition | |
Exposures | Unidentifiable inciting antigen |
Duration of exposure to inciting antigen | |
History of smoking | |
Physiology | Low FVC |
Low DLCO | |
Decline in FVC | |
Lower BAL lymphocytosis | |
Radiology | Presence of fibrosis on HRCT |
Extent of fibrosis on HRCT | |
UIP pattern on HRCT | |
Histology | UIP pattern |
Fibrotic NSIP pattern |
BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; FVC: forced vital capacity; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography; NSIP: non-specific interstitial pneumonia; UIP: usual interstitial pneumonia.