Epidemiology of tracheal defects
| Pathology | Epidemiology | Reference |
| Traumatic tracheobronchial injuries | Cause of 2.5–3.2% of trauma-associated deaths Present in 0.5–2.0% of trauma patients showing chest/neck injuries <1% of elective orotracheal intubations 0.05–0.37% of endotracheal intubations | [5–8] |
| Tracheal tumours | Tracheal malignancies present in <1% of people Primary tracheal carcinomas present in <1% people each year | [9, 10] |
| TBM | Overall epidemiology is unknown, but TBM is present in 23% of COPD patients, 44% of patients with chronic bronchitis and 1% of all patients undergoing bronchoscopy | [11] |
| Post-intubation tracheal stenosis | 6–21% of patients that underwent intubation | [12, 13] |
| Oesophageal atresia | <1% of births | [14] |
| Tracheal agenesis | <1% of births | [15] |
| Tracheo–oesophageal fistulas | <1% of births | [16] |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TBM: tracheobronchomalacia.