TABLE 2

Mechanical properties of tracheal cartilage, trachealis muscle and whole trachea

	Specimen type	Test type	Modulus	Reference
Tracheal cartilage	Human	Tensile	16.92 MPa	[27]
	Human	Tensile	1–15 MPa	[30]
	Porcine	Tensile	5.62 MPa	[31]
	Porcine	Compression	1.36 MPa	[31]
	Ovine	Tensile	10.6 MPa	[32]
Trachealis muscle	Human	Tensile	5.7–364 kPa	[24]
Trachealis muscle	Human	Tensile	0.84–34.15 kPa	[33]
Whole trachea	Human	Tensile	12–20 MPa	[27]
	Human	Compression	0.16–2 MPa	[34]
	Porcine	Compression	1.10 MPa	[31]
	Ovine	Tensile	1.5 MPa	[35]
	Rabbit	Compression	1.72 MPa	[36]
	Rabbit	Three-point bending	0.214 MPa	[37]