Cell type | Description | First author [ref.] |
Epithelial cells, mainly ATII cells | hPSCs were differentiated into NKX2-1+ cells and alveolar progenitors and ATII cells were obtained subsequently. Mature ATII cells showed SP-B and SP-C expression. | Huang [15] |
ATII cells | hPSCs were differentiated into NKX2-1+ cells, and subsequently into ATII cells. An ALI step was added for complete maturation. Mature ATII cells showed SP-C expression and the presence of lamellar bodies. | van Riet [16] |
Alveolar epithelial organoids | hPSCs were differentiated into NKX2-1+ cells, which were subsequently induced towards SPC+ cells. SPC+ cells were cultured to generate monolayers and organoids. Mature organoids showed production of lamellar bodies. | Jacob [17] |
Proximal airway organoids | hPSCs were differentiated into NKX2-1+ cells, and subsequently differentiated into airway epithelial cells grown in organoids. ALI culture was needed for ciliary beating. | Konishi [18] |
Proximal airway organoids | hPSCs were differentiated into NKX2-1+ cells and under low Wnt conditions, proximal airway organoids were obtained. | McCauley [14] |
Basal cells | hPSCs were differentiated to NKX2-1+ cells and subsequently differentiated into TP63+ basal cells. | Hawkins [23] |
MSCs | hPSCs were used to induce MSCs using FGF-2, PDGF-AB and EGF. MSCs had adipocyte, osteocyte and chondrocyte differentiation potential. | Qizhou [19] |
MSCs | hPSCs were differentiated into MSCs in the presence of human platelet lysate. MSCs had adipocyte, osteocyte and chondrocyte differentiation potential. | Frobel [20] |
MSCs | hPSCs were differentiated into epithelial cells. Subsequently, MSC-like cells were obtained following EMT induction. | Chen [22] |
MSCs | hPSCs were differentiated into MSC-like cells in the presence of FGF-2 and EGF. | Gao [21] |
Pulmonary vascular SMCs | hPSCs were differentiated into the lateral plate mesoderm, and subsequently into SMCs, which were used to model pulmonary arterial SMCs. | Cheung [24] |
Endothelial cells | hPSCs were differentiated into the lateral plate mesoderm and subsequently into ECs using FGF-2 and VEGF. | Kiskin [25] |
Lymphatic endothelial cells | Derived from hPSC-induced endothelial cells. Characterised by LYVE+ and Podoplanin+ expression. | Lee [27] |
Pericytes | hPSCs were differentiated into the lateral plate mesoderm. Pericytes were subsequently differentiated in the presence of VEGF and TGF-β. | Jamieson [26] |
Macrophages | A co-culture of hPSCs and murine bone marrow stromal cells was established to induce macrophages in the presence of GM-CSF and M-CSF. | Suzuki [28] |
Macrophages | hPSCs were differentiated into EBs and subsequently into MCFCs. Monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes were harvested from the supernatant and further matured in the presence of M-CSF, G-CSF or GM-CSF, respectively. | Lachmann [29] |
Dendritic cells | hPSCs were cultured in the presence of BMP-4, SCF, VEGF and GM-CSF. Afterwards, IL-4 was used to obtain dendritic cells. | Sachamitr [30] |
ATII: alveolar type II; hPSC: human pluripotent stem cell; SP-B: surfactant protein B; SP-C: surfactant protein C; ALI: air–liquid interface; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; PDGF-AB: platelet-derived growth factor AB; EGF: endothelial growth factor; EMT: epithelial–mesenchymal transition; SMC: smooth muscle cell; EC: endothelial cell; FGF-2: fibroblast growth factor-2; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; M-CSF: macrophage colony-stimulating factor; EB: embryoid body; MCFC: myeloid cell forming complex; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; BMP-4: bone morphogenetic protein-4; SCF: stem cell factor; IL-4: interleukin 4.