First author [ref.] | Patients n | Histology AC/TC | Median follow-up months | Recurrence rate# % | |
Biopsy forceps | Luckraz [16] | 28 | 0/28 | 105¶ | 6 |
Laser | |||||
YAG laser or laser therapy | Cavaliere [47] | 38 | 0/38 | Up to 198 | 0 |
Fuks [48] | 10 | 0/10 | 29 | 0 | |
Neyman [49] | 16 | 0/16 | 36 | 6 | |
Multi-modality | |||||
YAG laser/cryotherapy | Bertoletti [45] | 18 | 0/18 | 55 | 9 |
Brokx [13] | 47 | 5/42 | 114 | 12 | |
YAG laser/ electrocautery/mechanical excision/ cryotherapy | Reuling [35] | 125 | 19/106 | 82 | 8 |
YAG laser/APC/electrocautery/cryotherapy | Boyaci [50] | 14 | 0/10 | 32±19.22 | 0 |
Diode laser/APC/cryotherapy | Dalar [46] | 29 | 5/24 | 49 | 0 |
AC: atypical carcinoid; TC: typical carcinoid; APC: argon plasma-coagulation. #: recurrence rate refers to both loco-regional and/or distant relapses; ¶: mean value.