Alternative bronchoscopic approaches to stent placement: summary of anecdotal approaches
| First author (year) [reference] | Method | Aetiology | Location/fistula size | Improvement | Complications |
| Scappaticci (2004) [35] | Fibrin glue: Tissucol | Benign: post-intubation | Trachea, <5 mm | Near complete closure in <24 h | None |
| Miller (2014) [38] | Atrial septal occluder: Amplatzer | Benign: prolonged stenting | Trachea, not reported | Complete closure | Dislodged, airway obstruction, infection at 3 months after placement |
| Traina (2018) [40] | Atrial septal occluder: Amplatzer | Benign: post-tracheostomy | Trachea, not reported | Complete closure | None |
| Mahajan (2018) [42] | ACell decellularised porcine urinary bladder matrix; Y-stent | Benign: inflammation | Right mainstem, 2 cm | Complete closure after 10 days | None |
| Traina (2010) [43] | Over-the-scope clipping | Benign: post-tracheostomy | Trachea, 4 cm below vocal cords, fistula 1 cm below stenosis | Complete closure/resume diet | None |
| Mozer (2019) [44] | Endobronchial suture (Cor-Knot device) | Benign: iatrogenic surgery | Trachea, 12 mm | Complete closure with oral diet at 6 months | None |
| Wong (2019) [37] | Fibrin sealant (Evicel)/silicone-covered stent (Bonastent) | Benign: broncholith | Right mainstem, 2 cm | Complete closure/resume diet | None |
| Lee (2015) [45] | Endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure | Oesophageal cancer, post-oesophagectomy | Not applicable | Complete closure after 10 days | None |