Published case series comparing outcomes between single and dual stent placement
| First author (year) [reference] | Method | Aetiology | Location/fistula size | Sample size n | Outcomes |
| Ke (2015) [33] | Retrospective case series | Undefined | Undefined | 61 (26 tracheal, 35 dual) | Better symptomatic and radiographic response for dual stents (96%) versus tracheal stent (percentage not specified) |
| Herth (2010) [16] | Prospective case series | Malignant | Trachea, mainstem bronchi, size not reported | 112 (65 tracheal, 37 oesophageal, 10 dual) | Better survival time for dual stents (245 days) versus tracheal stent (182 days) |
| Freitag (1996) [15] | Retrospective case series | Malignant | Trachea, 1–4 cm | 30 (12 tracheal, 18 dual) | Better survival time in dual stents (110 days) than tracheal stent (24 days) |