TABLE 2

Characteristics of included studies

First author [ref.]I/CAge yearsFEV1 % pred LMale/femalePatient recruitmentIntervention armControl armType of feedbackWeekly goalsTime-points/outcomes
Altenburg [14]24/2465 (58–72)78 (66–95)32/16General practices (primary care)PA counselling 30 min ×5 sessions using MI, GS and pedometer: 12 weeksReceived care appropriate to their health statusFace-to-faceNo3 months/daily steps
Altenburg [14]23/2368 (61–72)58 (40–69)34/12Outpatient hospital clinics (secondary care)PA counselling 30 min ×5 sessions using MI, GS and pedometer: 12 weeks
Patients were recruited from outpatient hospital clinics (secondary care)
Received care appropriate to their health statusFace-to-faceNo3 months/daily steps
Altenburg [14]22/1554±9.643±25.932/25Pulmonary rehabilitation centrePA counselling (30 min ×5 sessions using MI, GS and pedometer 12 weeks) added to PR 2 h 3 times per week: 9 weeksPR 2 h 3 times per week: 9 weeksFace-to-faceNo3 months/daily steps
Arbillaga-Etxarri [20]220/29369±958±17448/65Primary care and 5 hospital care centresSix components: MI, urban walking training walking, pedometer and personalised calendar, phone updates, exercise leaflet, group walking sessionsGeneral health counselling and info bookletRemoteNo12 months/daily steps
Bender [21]57/5865±754.3±1148/67Pulmonary outpatient clinicsPedometer and personally selected goals involving enjoyed activities of daily living
A target of increasing 15% daily steps per month for 3 months
Pedometer with no goal setting or communication about physical activity.
A small 1-1 telephone call to communicate daily steps
RemoteNo3 months/daily steps
Cruz [15]16/1666.5±8.466.9±20.127/53 primary care centres and a district hospitalPA-focused behavioural counselling (average 25 min ×8 sessions using SCT, SE, MI and pedometer and diary feedback: 6 months) added to PR (1 h 3 times per week ET and 1.5 h once a week EDU session: 3 months)PR (1 h 3 times per week ET and 1.5 h once a week EDU session: 3 months)Face-to-faceYes3 months/daily steps
De Blok [22]172/17167±856±20219/124N/ALifestyle PA counselling (3 min ×4 sessions using MI, GS and pedometer: 9 weeks) added to PR (9 weeks)PR (9 weeks)Face-to-faceNo9 weeks/daily steps
Demeyer [13]172/17167±856±20219/1246 rehabilitation centres across EuropeReceived the usual care plus the tele-coaching platform
This includes a one-to-one interview, a step counter and smartphone coaching application
Received a standard leaflet explaining the importance of PA in COPD as well as information about PA recommendationsRemoteYes3 months/daily steps
Holland [23]80/8669±1150±1999/67Pulmonary rehabilitation waiting listHome rehabilitation, which involved a pedometer and 7-weekly structured telephone calls based around motivational interviewing to improve walking fitnessCentre-based rehabilitation with encouragement to exercise at home, no pedometer issuedRemoteNo12 months/daily steps
Horrnix [24]15/1567±743±1717/13Hospitalised exacerbation patientsPedometer worn with telephone calls three times per week for 1 month to motivate and stimulate patients to increase their PA levelsNo contact and didn't received any motivational messages, just advice about increasing PA before hospital dischargeRemoteYes1-month, daily steps
Hospes [25]18/1762±864±1521/14Outpatient clinic12-week customised exercise counselling to enhance daily physical activity
Based on principles of goal setting and implementation of goals
No counselling programmesFace-to-faceNo3 months/daily steps
Kawagoshi [26]12/1575±959.3±2224/3N/AHome-based rehabilitation in addition to monitored daily physical activity using pedometer and received monthly feedback on physical activity levelsMultidisciplinary home-based PR programme for 12 monthsFace-to-faceNo12 months, daily steps
Mendoza [27]52/5068±866±1962/40Outpatient clinics at private and public hospitalsReceived pedometer and physical activity diary alongside counselling to improve physical activityReceived counselling at each visit to increase their physical activity levels and advised to walk for at least 30 min per dayFace-to-faceNo3 months/daily steps
Moy [28]154/8466±9223/15National Database of VeteransPedometer and access to a website with components including; step count feedback, weekly goals, motivational content to enhance activity levelsWore pedometer and recorded steps.
Received no instruction about exercise and were not assigned step goals or website
RemoteYes4 months/daily steps
Nolan [29]76/7669.0±9.050.5±21.2110/42Hospital-based PR unitLifestyle PA counselling (30 mins ×8 sessions using GS and pedometer: 8 weeks) added to PR (1 h ×2 times per week: 8 weeks)PR (1 h ×2 time per week: 8 weeks)Face-to-faceYes9 weeks/daily steps
Tabak [30]14/1666±752±1319/11Hospital clinicTele-rehabilitation intervention for 4 weeksReceived no tele-rehabilitation
Usual care was defined as usual medication/physiotherapy
RemoteYes1 month/daily steps
Varas [31]21/1967±849±1631/9Pulmonology consultants5 group physiotherapy sessions, 8 weeks counselling to increase daily activity levels, through telephone meetingsInformative sessions on the benefits of exercise, pedometer issued but no additional supportRemoteYes8 weeks/daily steps
Vorrnik [32]84/7362±955±1778/79Outpatient physiotherapy practisesConsisted of two compartments: 1) smartphone application; 2) physiotherapist-based website for providing real-time goals and feedback for 6 monthsNo interventionRemoteYes3 months/daily steps
Wan [33]57/5268±861±2195/14General pulmonary clinicsPedometer and received access to a website which provided four key components; individualised goal setting, iterative step-count feedback, motivational content and online community forum for 3 monthsReceived a pedometer and written material about exercise but weren't assigned step-count goalsRemoteYes3 months, daily steps

Data are presented as n, mean±sd or mean (range). FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; PA: physical activity; N/A: not applicable; PR: pulmonary rehabilitation; MI: motivational interviewing; GS: goal setting; SCT: social cognitive theory; SE: self-efficacy; ET: exercise training; EDU: education.