Species protected | Protected against | Protected by | Produced by | [Ref.] |
Haemophilus influenzae | Ampicillin | Penicillinases | Enterobacteriaceae | [39] |
β-lactam antibiotics | β-lactamases | M. catarrhalis | [40] | |
Streptococci | Penicillin | Penicillinases | Staphylococci | [41] |
Ampicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus | Ampicillin | Penicillinases | P. aeruginosa | [42] |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | β-lactam antibiotics | β-lactamases | M. catarrhalis | [43] |
Amoxicillin | β-lactamases | H. influenzae | [44] | |
Chloramphenicol | Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase | Resistant S. aureus/ S. pneumoniae | [38] | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Imipenem and ceftazidime | β-lactamases | S. maltophilia | [45] |
Ceftazidime | β-lactamases | Prevotella sp. | [46] | |
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Carbapenems | Carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamases | A. baumannii | [47] |
Staphylococcus aureus | Gentamicin | Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes | P. aeruginosa | [48] |