TABLE 1

Prevalence, diagnosis and management of ear, nose and throat comorbidities in asthma

Comorbidity	Prevalence	Test	Management
Allergic rhinitis	80% [6]	History Sinonasal questionnaire [9] Skin-prick test/specific IgE	Nasal steroids Antihistamines Anti-leukotrienes Allergen immunotherapy
Chronic rhinosinusitis	22–42% [9]	History Sinonasal questionnaire [9] CT of sinuses Endoscopy of nasal cavity	Nasal steroids Surgery Anti-leukotrienes Macrolides Biologics
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease	7.2% [9]	History Sinonasal questionnaire [9] CT of sinuses Endoscopy of nasal cavity Provocative challenge with aspirin/NSAIDs	Avoidance of aspirin/COX1 inhibitors Aspirin desensitisation Low salicylate diet Nasal steroids Surgery Anti-leukotrienes Biologics
Obstructive sleep apnoea	20–40% [10, 11]	History Berlin questionnaire [9] Polysomnography	Continuous positive airway pressure
VCD	19% [12]	History Pittsburgh VCD index [9] Laryngoscopy	Speech therapy Psychotherapy Injection with botulinic toxin in laryngeal muscles Inhaled ipratropium

VCD: vocal cord dysfunction; Ig: immunoglobulin; CT: computed tomography; NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.