Monitoring of noninvasive ventilation during acute respiratory failure
| Clinical parameters | Comfort Tolerance to interface Respiratory rate Dyspnoea and use of accessory muscles Consciousness-sensorium (GCS, Kelly–Matthay score) Ability to protect the upper airways and presence of an effective cough reflex Gastric distention Disease severity scores (APACHE II) Sedation-delirium scores Monitoring of side-effects |
| Physiological parameters | Oxygen saturation Arterial blood gas analysis (pH, PaCO2, PaO2) Transcutaneous CO2 End-tidal CO2 |
| Ventilatory parameters | Respiratory frequency VTE, V′E Leaks Waveforms (flow–time, pressure–time, capnography) PEEPi Patient–ventilator interaction |
| Cardiac parameters | Blood pressure ECG Echocardiography# |
| Other | Radiological evaluation (chest radiography, computed tomography#) Lung and diaphragm ultrasonography |
GCS: Glasgow coma scale; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; PaCO2: arterial carbon dioxide tension; PaO2: arterial oxygen tension; CO2: carbon dioxide; VTE: expiratory tidal volume; V′E minute ventilation; PEEPi: intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure. #: only in selected patients when needed.