TABLE 1

Potential interstitial lung disease (ILD) targets identified through systems medicine-based approaches

	Target	Reference(s)
IPF
Genomics	MUC5B	[7, 8]
	TOLLIP	[9]
	let-7, mir-30, mir-155, mir-21	[15]
	mir-29	[15, 16]
Proteomics	CCL24, surfactant protein A2, NF-κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ	[20–22]
	Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α	[23]
	Ficolin-2, cathepsin-S, legumain, inducible T-cell costimulator, trypsin-3	[25]
Metabolomics	Ornithine	[27]
	Lactate dehydrogenase-5	[28]
	6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3	[51]
Microbiome	Staphylococcus OTU 1348	[30–32]
Microbiome	Streptococcus OTU 1345	[30]
Peripheral blood phenotyping	Metalloproteinase-7	[33]
	CD28, inducible T-cell costimulator, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase	[34, 35]
	Neoepitopes BGM, C1M, C3M, C5M, C6M, CRPM	[36]
	Plasma B-lymphocyte stimulating factor, B-cells	[37]
	Myeloid-derived suppressor cells	[38]
Familial IPF
Genomics	TERT, TERC, DKC1, TINF2, RTEL1, PARN	[12, 13]
Genomics	SFTPA2, SFTPC, ABCA3	[12, 14]
Non-IPF ILDs
Genomics	Telomere length	[43]
	RTEL1	[44]
	DPP9, DSP, FAM13A, IVD, DISP2, OBFC1, ATP11A, MUC2	[45]
	ADAMTS4, ADAMTS9, AGER, HIF1A, SERPINE2, SELE, RTKN2, PI15	[48]

IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; OTU: operational taxonomic unit. See main text for further details of gene symbols.