Factor | Non-asthmatic children | Asthmatic children | |
Baseline | VEGF [14, 16] | + | +++ |
TGF-β2, periostin [14] | + | +++ | |
Cytokeratin 5/14, [15] IL-6 [15] PGE2 [15] EGF [15] | + | +++ | |
Cytokeratin 19 [15] TGF-β | +++ | + | |
Under stimulation | |||
Physical wound | Wound healing fibronectin expression [16] | ++ | + |
Urban particulate matter | VEGF [70] | + | +++ |
IL-8 [70] | |||
MUC5AC [62] | |||
IL-13 | MUC5AC mRNA [20] | + | + |
MMP7 mRNA [20] | |||
Number of ciliated cells [17] | − | − | |
IL-1β and TNFα | MMP9 [23] | ++ | + |
Respiratory virus | CXCL8 CXCL10, IL-6, CCL5, CCL2, CCL3, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-10 [5] TSLP [71] | +++ | +++ |
IL: interleukin; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; EGF: epidermal growth factor; MUC: mucin; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; TSLP: thymic stromal lymphopoietin. +: low stimulation; ++: moderate stimulation; +++: high stimulation; −: inhibition.