TABLE 2

Biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Diagnostic biomarkersKL-6 [81]
SP-A and SP-D [81]
YKL-40 [81]
MMP-1 and MMP-7 [81]
CXCL13 [82]
Disease susceptibility biomarkersTelomerase genes [83–85]
Telomere length [86]
MUC5B [87, 88]
TOLLIP–SPPL2C [89]
Prognostic biomarkersKL-6 [81]
CCL-18 [90]
YKL-40 [81]
Circulating fibrocytes [91]
CD28 [92]
CD28/ICOS/Lck/ITK [77]
MMP-7/ICAM-1/IL-8/VCAM-1/S100A12 [78]
MUC5B [93]
Cilium-associated genes [94]
Antibodies against periplakin [95]
Antibodies against HSP-70 [96]
LOXL2 [97]
CXCL13 [82]
TLR-3 [98]

  • SP: surfactant protein; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; MUC: mucin; TOLLIP: Toll-interacting protein; SPPL: signal peptide peptidase-like; CD: cluster of differentiation; ICOS: inducible T-cell costimulatory; Lck: lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; ITK: interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; HSP: heat shock protein; LOXL: lysyl oxidase-like; TLR: Toll-like receptor.