Table 1. Prognostic and therapeutic predictors: parallels between LAM and breast and prostate cancer
Breast cancerProstate cancerLAM
Host factors
    Younger age+-+
    African–American++?
Tumour factors
    StageTNMTNMLymphatic involvement?
    Histology scoreElston–EllisGleason scoreLAM histology score
    Lymphovascular involvement+++
    Receptor statusER/PR/Her2-ER/PR/Bcl2/TERT?
    Circulating tumour cells+?+
    Genetic profiling+-?
Serum marker of response to therapy-Decreased PSADecreased VEGF-D
  • LAM: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; TNM: tumour, nodes, metastasis; ER: oestrogen receptor; PR: progesterone receptor; Her2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma-2; TERT: telomerase reverse transcriptase; PSA: prostate specific antigen; VEGF-D: vascular endothelial growth factor-D; +: predictor associated with condition; -: predictor not associated with condition; ?: insufficient evidence regarding association.