TABLE 1

Symptoms and signs of rhinitis/rhinosinusitis

Typical symptoms and signs of (allergic) rhinitis
 Runny nose
 Congestion
 Sneezing
 Nasal itching (check for allergic salute, allergic crease and shiners)
Atypical manifestations of (allergic) rhinitis
 Cough (check for post-nasal drip)
 Eustachian tube dysfunction
  Secretory otitis media and effusion/ask if otitis media occurs frequently
  Decreased hearing (speech and language delay, child speaks loudly, child increases TV sound)
 Poor school performance/poor concentration
 Consider hearing test/audiometry
 Sleep problems
  Disturbed sleep (ask about fatigue/irritability, poor concentration and school performance)
  Snoring
  Apnoea (check for hypertrophy of adenoids or of tonsils and consider a sleep study)
Symptoms and signs of rhinosinusitis
 Cough
 Purulent discharge (examine nose in older children)
 Headache
 Facial pain
 Halitosis
 Hyposmia