| WHO recommendations | |
| Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination | Influenza vaccination |
| Healthy elderly (>65 yrs of age), particularly those living in institutions | Elderly individuals above a nationally defined age limit, irrespective of other risk factors |
| Patients with chronic organ failure | Residents of institutions for elderly people and the disabled |
| Heart, lung, liver or kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and alcoholism | Elderly, non-institutionalised individuals with chronic heart or lung diseases, metabolic disease including diabetes or renal disease, or immunodeficiencies |
| Children >2 yrs old at high risk for disease (splenectomised children and sickle-cell disease) | All individuals >6 months of age with any of the conditions listed above |
| Patients with immunodeficiencies particularly those with functional or anatomical asplenia | Other groups defined on the basis of national data and capacities, such as contacts of high-risk people, pregnant females, healthcare workers and others with key functions in society, as well as children 6–23 months of age |
| Prevention of subsequent pneumococcal infection in patients recovering from proven or assumed pneumococcal pneumonia | |
| ACIP recommendations | |
| Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination | Influenza vaccination |
| Adults aged ≥65 yrs Patients with chronic illness | Persons aged ≥50 yrs |
| Chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary and liver disease | Adults and children with chronic disorders |
| Diabetes mellitus | Pulmonary (including asthma) and cardiovascular systems (except hypertension), renal, hepatic, haematological or metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus) |
| Alcoholism | Immunocompromised adults and children, including HIV-infected persons and users of immunosuppressive medications |
| Cerebrospinal fluid leak | Children and teenagers (6 months to 18 yrs of age) receiving long-term aspirin therapy |
| Persons aged 2–64 yrs with physical or functional asplenia | Females who will be pregnant during the influenza season |
| Immunocompromised persons aged ≥2 yrs including those with HIV infection, leukaemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, generalised malignancy, chronic renal failure or nephritic syndrome; those receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy (including corticosteroids) and those who have received an organ or bone marrow transplant | Residents of nursing homes and other chronic care facilities |
| Persons aged 2–64 yrs living in special environments or social settings | Healthy children aged 6–59 months |
| Persons who live with, or care for, persons at high risk for flu-related complications | |
| Adults and children who have any condition that can compromise respiratory function or the handling of respiratory secretions or that can increase the risk for aspiration (e.g. cognitive dysfunction, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders or other neuromuscular disorders) | |
Data are taken from [22–26].