Table 2. Summary of the complex changes in the immune system resulting in immunosenescence
Innate immunityAdaptive immunity
↑ inflammatory reactionsRestricted T-cell repertoire
↑ numbers of natural killer cells     ↓ naïve T-cell output
↓ antigen uptake and presentation    ↑ number of effector T-cell
↓ phagocytic capacity and oxidative burst of macrophagesLow-affinity antibody responses
↓ cytotoxic function    ↓ B-cell production and defective isotype switching

  • Data are taken from [17–20].