Table 5. Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus associated-pulmonary arterial hypertension
PrevalenceDiagnostic thresholdRef.
Echocardiogram based
    2.8%RVSP >45 mmHg[77]
    4.9%Ppa,sys >30 mmHg[78]
    9%Clinical findings#[80]
    10%Ppa >55 mmHg[81]
    11%Ppa,sys >30 mmHg and P̄pa >20 mmHg[82]
    13%Ppa,sys ≥35 mmHg[85]
    14%RVSP >30 mmHg[83]
    14%Ppa,sys >30 mmHg[86]
    14%RVSP ≥40 mmHg[84]
Right heart catheterisation based
    0.005%P̄pa >40 mmHg[76]
    5%P̄pa >30 mmHg[77]
    9.3%P̄pa >40 mmHg[79]

  • RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; Ppa,sys: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; Ppa: pulmonary artery pressure; P̄pa: mean pulmonary artery pressure. #: cardiac thrust along the left sternal border with or without fourth heart sound and loud second component of the second heart sound, and right axis deviation ≥110°, R/S ratio in V6≤1 and right bundle branch block with at least one of: large pulmonary arteries with pruned peripheral arterial tree, right atrial and/or ventricular hypertrophy on radiograph; or right ventricular dilation on echocardiogram.