| Plain chest radiology |
| Transient changes |
| Perihilar infiltrates simulating adenopathy |
| Air–fluid levels from dilated central bronchi filled with fluid and debris |
| Massive consolidation: unilateral or bilateral |
| Radiological infiltrates |
| “Toothpaste” shadows due to mucoid impaction in damaged bronchi |
| “Gloved finger” shadows from distally occluded bronchi filled with secretions |
| “Tramline” shadows representing oedema of the bronchial walls |
| Collapse: lobar or segmental |
| Permanent changes |
| Central bronchiectasis with normal peripheral bronchi |
| Parallel-line shadows representing bronchial widening |
| Ring-shadows 1–2 cm in diameter representing dilated bronchi en face |
| Pulmonary fibrosis |
| Late changes: cavitation, contracted upper lobes and localised emphysema |
| Computed tomography findings |
| Bronchial abnormalities |
| Bronchiectasis, usually central, as characterised by the “signet ring” and “string of pearls” appearances |
| Dilated bronchi with or without air–fluid levels |
| Totally occluded bronchi |
| Bronchial wall thickening |
| Parallel-line opacities extending to the periphery |
| High attenuation mucus plugs |
| Parenchymal changes |
| Consolidation |
| Non-homogeneous patchy opacities |
| Parenchymal scarring of varying extent |
| Segmental or lobar collapse |
| Cavitation |
| Emphysematous bullae |
| Pleural involvement |
| Pleural effusions |
| Spontaneous pneumothorax |
| Bronchopleural fistula |
| Pleural fibrosis |
| Pleural thickening |
Information from [1, 93].