Annual loss in forced expiratory volume in 1 s(FEV1) in the TORCH and UPLIFT trials by treatment group
| Study | Treatment arm | Annual loss in FEV1 mL |
| TORCH# | Salmeterol/fluticasone combination | 39 |
| Salmeterol | 42 | |
| Fluticasone | 42 | |
| Placebo | 55 | |
| UPLIFT: whole population¶ | Tiotropium | 40 |
| Control | 42 | |
| UPLIFT: patients with no ICS/LABA | Tiotropium | 40 |
| Control | 47 |
ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; LABA: long-acting β2-agonists. #: LABA or ICS were not authorised in the TORCH trial; ¶: ICS and LABA were authorised as concomitant treatments in the UPLIFT trial. Data taken from [8, 9].