Principal comorbidities associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
| Cardiovascular |
| Coronary artery disease High blood pressure Left heart failure Tachyarrhythmia |
| Malignant tumours |
| Nonsmall cell lung cancer |
| Respiratory |
| Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism Chronic cor pulmonale Asthma Rhinitis |
| Endocrine |
| Obesity Diabetes Dyslipidaemia Denutrition |
| Gastroenterology |
| Gastric ulcer Gastro-oesophageal reflux |
| Osteoarticular |
| Fractures Osteoporosis |
| Psychiatric |
| Depression Anxiety |