Common requirements for all devices reviewed
| Remove mouthpiece cap if present |
| Orientate inhaler correctly (e.g. upright for pMDI) |
| Breathe out |
| Place mouthpiece between lips |
| Breathe in deeply and slowly*,# |
| Hold breath for 10 s |
pMDI: pressurised metered-dose inhaler. *: breathe in deeply and quickly for dry powder inhalers; #: for “press and breathe” pMDI, actuate inhaler while breathing in.