Type | Origin | Respiratory Effect | Lung defences |
Ozone | Photochemical reaction from vehicle traffic | Lung function reduction | Antioxidant system |
| | Bronchial hyperresponsiveness | Permeability of epithelial cells |
| | Increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms | Inflammatory cytokines |
| | Increased hospitalisation | Mucociliary clearance |
| | Reduced exercise tolerance | |
Nitrogen dioxide | Gas combustion | Lung function reduction | Antioxidant system |
| Vehicle traffic | Bronchial hyperresponsiveness | Inflammatory cytokines |
| | Increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms | |
| | Reduced exercise tolerance | |
Particulate matter | Vehicle traffic | Lung function reduction | Antioxidant system |
| Industrial activity | Increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms | Inflammatory cytokines |
| | Increased mortality from cardiorespiratory disease | Mucociliary clearance |
Diesel exhaust | | Bronchoconstrition | Antioxidant system |
| | Bronchial hyperresponsiveness | Inflammatory cytokines |
| | Airway inflammation | Macrophage phagocytosis |
| | | Sensitisation |
Sulphur dioxide | Fuel combustion from Industry | Lung function reduction | Antioxidant system |
| Vehicle traffic | Increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms | |
| | Increased mortality from respiratory disease | |