RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Non-Aspergillus mould lung infections JF European Respiratory Review JO EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY REVIEW FD European Respiratory Society SP 220104 DO 10.1183/16000617.0104-2022 VO 31 IS 166 A1 Pedro Puerta-Alcalde A1 Carolina Garcia-Vidal YR 2022 UL http://err.ersjournals.com/content/31/166/220104.abstract AB Non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi causing invasive mould infections have increased over the last years due to the widespread use of anti-Aspergillus prophylaxis and increased complexity and survival of immunosuppressed patients. In the few studies that have reported on invasive mould infection epidemiology, Mucorales are the most frequently isolated group, followed by either Fusarium spp. or Scedosporium spp. The overall incidence is low, but related mortality is exceedingly high. Patients with haematological malignancies and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients comprise the classical groups at risk of infection for non-Aspergillus moulds due to profound immunosuppression and the vast use of anti-Aspergillus prophylaxis. Solid organ transplant recipients also face a high risk, especially those receiving lung transplants, due to direct exposure of the graft to mould spores with altered mechanical and immunological elimination, and intense, associated immunosuppression. Diagnosing non-Aspergillus moulds is challenging due to unspecific symptoms and radiological findings, lack of specific biomarkers, and low sensitivity of cultures. However, the advent of molecular techniques may prove helpful. Mucormycosis, fusariosis and scedosporiosis hold some differences regarding clinical paradigmatic presentations and preferred antifungal therapy. Surgery might be an option, especially in mucormycosis. Finally, various promising strategies to restore or enhance the host immune response are under current evaluation.Invasive fungal disease caused by non-Aspergillus moulds is increasing and is associated with exceedingly high mortality. Diagnosis and treatment challenges are discussed in this review. https://bit.ly/3PVozfp