RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Just breathe: a review of sex and gender in chronic lung disease JF European Respiratory Review JO EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY REVIEW FD European Respiratory Society SP 210111 DO 10.1183/16000617.0111-2021 VO 31 IS 163 A1 Ranjani Somayaji A1 James D. Chalmers YR 2022 UL http://err.ersjournals.com/content/31/163/210111.abstract AB Chronic lung diseases are the third leading cause of death worldwide and are increasing in prevalence over time. Although much of our traditional understanding of health and disease is derived from study of the male of the species – be it animal or human – there is increasing evidence that sex and gender contribute to differences in disease risk, prevalence, presentation, severity, treatment approach, response and outcomes. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and bronchiectasis represent the most prevalent and studied chronic lung diseases and have key sex- and gender-based differences which are critical to consider and incorporate into clinical and research approaches. Mechanistic differences present opportunities for therapeutic development whereas behavioural and clinical differences on the part of patients and providers present opportunities for greater education and understanding at multiple levels. In this review, we seek to summarise the sex- and gender-based differences in key chronic lung diseases and outline the clinical and research implications for stakeholders.Sex and gender differences impact lung diseases throughout the lifespan and are critical to consider and incorporate into research and clinical care to optimise outcomes. https://bit.ly/38hAhfY