PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Ranjani Somayaji
AU  - James D. Chalmers
TI  - Just breathe: a review of sex and gender in chronic lung disease
AID  - 10.1183/16000617.0111-2021
DP  - 2022 Mar 31
TA  - European Respiratory Review
PG  - 210111
VI  - 31
IP  - 163
4099  - http://err.ersjournals.com/content/31/163/210111.short
4100  - http://err.ersjournals.com/content/31/163/210111.full
SO  - EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY REVIEW2022 Mar 31; 31
AB  - Chronic lung diseases are the third leading cause of death worldwide and are increasing in prevalence over time. Although much of our traditional understanding of health and disease is derived from study of the male of the species – be it animal or human – there is increasing evidence that sex and gender contribute to differences in disease risk, prevalence, presentation, severity, treatment approach, response and outcomes. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and bronchiectasis represent the most prevalent and studied chronic lung diseases and have key sex- and gender-based differences which are critical to consider and incorporate into clinical and research approaches. Mechanistic differences present opportunities for therapeutic development whereas behavioural and clinical differences on the part of patients and providers present opportunities for greater education and understanding at multiple levels. In this review, we seek to summarise the sex- and gender-based differences in key chronic lung diseases and outline the clinical and research implications for stakeholders.Sex and gender differences impact lung diseases throughout the lifespan and are critical to consider and incorporate into research and clinical care to optimise outcomes. https://bit.ly/38hAhfY