Education | 1.26 (1.13–1.38) | 859 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.9043 | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+ | Education, as a stand-alone component, may improve adherence compared to standard care but the evidence is very uncertain, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |
Education+motivation | 0.83 (−1.06–2.72) | 645 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.6720 | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+,§ | The association of education and motivation may improve adherence compared to standard care but the evidence is very uncertain, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |
Education+reminder+pulmonary rehabilitation | 0.81 (−1.05–2.67) | 492 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.6669 | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+,§ | The association of education, reminder and pulmonary rehabilitation may improve adherence compared to standard care but the evidence is very uncertain, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |
Education+motivation+telemedicine | 0.54 (−0.09–1.17) | 516 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.6171 | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+,§ | The association of education, motivation and telemedicine may improve adherence compared to standard care but the evidence is very uncertain, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |
Motivation | 1.85 (1.19–2.50) | 672 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+,ƒ | Motivation, as a stand-alone component, may improve adherence compared to standard care but the evidence is very uncertain, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |
Telemedicine | 0.30 (−0.19–0.79) | 620 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.5040 | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+,ƒ | Telemedicine, as a stand-alone component, may improve adherence compared to standard care but the evidence is very uncertain, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |
Standard care | | 467 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.3094 | | |
Education+psychosocial support | −0.16 (−1.30–1.98) | 560 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.2832 | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+,§ | The association of education and psychosocial support may not improve adherence compared to standard care but the evidence is very uncertain, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |
Education+motivation+pulmonary rehabilitation | −0.70 (−0.97– −0.42) | 583 (7 RCTs/1 observational) | 0.0431 | ⊕○○○ Very low¶,+,ƒ | The association of education, motivation and pulmonary rehabilitation may not improve adherence compared to standard care, based on the Cohen's d effect size# |