Figures
- FIGURE 1
Study flow chart. RCT: randomised controlled trial; OSA: obstructive sleep apnoea.
- FIGURE 2
Forrest plot evaluating the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on HbA1c in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes. The sizes of the Forrest plot squares represent the weighting of that trial in the random-effect meta-analysis and the horizontal lines represent the 95% confidence interval. MD: mean difference; REML: restricted maximum likelihood.
- FIGURE 3
Bubble plot evaluating the association of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and mean continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) usage hours per night. A significant association between increasing CPAP usage hours per night and a reduction of HbA1c was observed.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Baseline characteristics of trials included in meta-analysis
Study OSA definition
(events·h−1)Intervention Subjects (n) Follow-up (weeks) Age
(years)Male (%) BMI (kg·m−2) HbA1c
(%)CPAP usage
(h·night−1)AHI
(events·h−1)Duration DMII
(years)Outcomes Banghøj et al., 2020 [19] AHI ≥15 CPAP
No CPAP72 12 62±7.5 75 34.6±4.2 8.0±0.8
8.1±0.85.6±1.9 32.0 (21–43)
34.0 (22–49)16±8.6 HbA1c, FBG, 24 h glucose Bakker et al., 2020 [27] AHI ≥10 CPAP
Sham CPAP53 12 56.2±9.3 64 35.4±6.8 6.7±0.5
7.1±0.64.3±2.4 23.5±15.1 NA HbA1c, FBG Chasens et al., 2022 [16] AHI ≥10 CPAP
Sham CPAP98 6 58.7±9.8 58 36.2±6.6 7.7±0.8
8.0±1.05.0±1.7
4.4±2.122.5±13.4
25.9±15.910±9.0 HbA1c,
fructosamineLam et al., 2017 [23] AHI ≥15 CPAP
No CPAP64 12 55±9.0 81 29.9±5.3 8.0±1.2
8.3±1.42.5±2.3 43.4±23.1
47.2±23.59±5.9 HbA1c, FBG, fructosamine Martínez-Cerón et al., 2016 [15] AHI ≥5 CPAP
No CPAP50 12 61±9.0 60 32.5±4.5 7.6±1.3
7.6±0.75.2±1.9 35.6±23.4
28.2±17.45 (3.0–15.0) HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR Mokhlesi et al., 2016 [24] AHI ≥15 CPAP
Sham CPAP19 1 55±3.3 47 37.8±2.8 7.3±0.4
7.0±0.47.9±0.1
7.9±0.1NA 4±2.8 24 h glucose Morariu et al., 2017 [25] AHI ≥10 CPAP
Sham CPAP23 4 55.6±11.6 51 35.2±5.3 6.6±0.5
6.9±1.04.1±2.9
4.5±2.756.6±29.8
25.6±11.4NA 24 h glucose, fructosamine Shaw et al., 2016 [13] AHI ≥15 CPAP
No CPAP298 24 62.3±9.0 65 33.0±5.4 7.3±0.5
7.3±0.54.9±NA 26.2±12.9
28.0±14.18±6.9 HbA1c, FBG, West et al., 2007 [26] ODI ≥10 CPAP
Sham CPAP42 12 56.1±9.9 100 36.7±4.7 8.5±1.8
8.6±1.73.6±2.8
3.3±3.0NA NA HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR Zamarron et al., 2022 [17] AHI ≥10 CPAP
No CPAP185 52 67±9.0 76 32.0±5.1 7.7±1.6
7.5±1.44.1±2.9 37.0±20.0
33.9±18.716±9.5 HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR, Zhao et al., 2022 [18] AHI ≥5 CPAP
No CPAP60 6 53.4±10.2 58 30.5±4.0 8.5±2.3
8.7±1.78.3±2.8 28.3±17.8
34.5±20.47±6.5 HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR Values are presented as mean±sd or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise stated. OSA: obstructive sleep apnoea; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; AHI: apnoea–hypopnoea index; DMII: type 2 diabetes; FBG: fasting blood glucose; ODI: oxygen desaturation index; NA: not available; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material ERR-0083-2023.SUPPLEMENT
