Figures
- FIGURE 1
Percentage of serotypes in all-cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) covered by pneumococcal vaccine types from 2013 to 2018 in Germany. The graph was made by Miriam Kesselmeier, Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University. For the data covering the years 2013–2018, refer to [34].
Tables
- TABLE 1
Licensed pneumococcal vaccine types and included serotypes
- TABLE 2
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines in phase III clinical trials, in the approval process in older patients
Manufacturer Name Vaccine type Target group Development status Bavarian Nordic MVA-BN RSV Vector vaccine that produces five antigens from virus subtypes A and B, including RSV F and RSV G Adults ≥60 years Phase III GSK RSVPreF3 Protein-based vaccine with genetically engineered antigen protein and adjuvant Adults ≥60 years FDA approval May 2023, European Commission approval June 2023 Janssen Ad26.RSV.preF-RSV Vector vaccine resulting in production of pre-fusion RSV F protein Adults ≥65 years Phase III Moderna mRNA-1345 mRNA vaccine leading to the production of pre-fusion RSV F protein Adults ≥60 years Phase III, intended for submission for approval in the second half of 2023 Pfizer RSV.preF Protein-based vaccine, bivalent, with genetically engineered pre-fusion RSV F protein of virus subgroups A and B as antigens Adults ≥60 years Phase III, approval recommended by EMA in July 2023 EMA: European Medicines Agency; FDA: United States Food and Drug Administration; MVA: modified vaccinia Ankara.
- TABLE 3
Licensed vaccines for pneumococcal, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and herpes zoster with different indications, efficacy, prevention of exacerbations and side-effects
Vaccine Vaccine type Indication Vaccine efficacy Prevention of COPD exacerbations Side-effects PPSV23 Polysaccharide-based vaccine Pneumococcus 45% PPSV23-type IPD [140] By year 5: 47% PPSV23 versus 82% placebo [29] Injection-site redness and pain
Tiredness
Fever
Muscle achesPCV13 Conjugate vaccine Pneumococcus 47–68% PCV13-type IPD (≥65 years) [140] By year 5: 3.3% PCV13 versus 82% placebo [29] Injection-site redness, swelling, pain and PCV15 Conjugate vaccine Pneumococcus Not available Not available tenderness PCV20 Conjugate vaccine Pneumococcus Not available Not available Loss of appetite
Irritability
Headache
Muscle aches or joint pain
ChillsHD QIV High-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine Influenza 24.2% (≥65 years) compared to standard dose [141] Meta-analysis for different influenza vaccine types: significant reduction in exacerbations (p<0.001) [142] Injection-site pain
Muscle pain
Malaises
Headache
Rare: fainting, dizziness, vision changes, ear ringingaQIV MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent vaccine Influenza 24–63% (≥65 years), 3.2% compared to HD QIV [143] Mild pain
Tenderness
Fatigue
MyalgiaBNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 96% (no chronic medical conditions), 83% (≥3 conditions) [89] Not available Injection-site pain
Fatigue
Headache
New or worsened muscle pain
FevermRNA-1273 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 86.4% (≥65 years) [144] Not available Injection-site pain, axillary swelling, redness
Irritability/crying
Fatigue
FeverRZV Adjuvanted recombinant subunit vaccine Herpes zoster 97% [102] Not available Injection-site pain, redness, swelling
Fatigue
Headache
Muscle pain
Chills
Fever
Rare: allergic reactions, Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningitis, encephalitisaQIV: adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine; HD QIV: high-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine; IPD: invasive pneumococcal disease; PCV: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PPSV: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; RZV: recombinant zoster vaccine.
