Figures
- FIGURE 1
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 flowchart. LILACS: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature; SciELO: Scientific Electronic Library Online.
- FIGURE 2
Forest plots showing the association between tuberculosis and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis in studies with adjustment for age and any assessment of smoking (model 2). HR: hazard ratio.
- FIGURE 3
Forest plots showing the association between tuberculosis and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis in studies with adjustment for age and quantitatively assessed smoking (model 3). HR: hazard ratio.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Pooled estimates of the association between tuberculosis and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis or mortality
Model 1# Model 2¶ Model 3+ Studies n Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) Studies n Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) Studies n Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) Cohort studies Lung cancer diagnosis 8ƒ 2.96 (2.28–3.83) 7 1.77 (1.41–2.22) 5 1.51 (1.30–1.76) Adenocarcinoma NA 3 2.00 (0.93–4.31) 3 2.00 (0.93–4.31) Small cell carcinoma NA 3 0.88 (0.34–2.26) 3 0.88 (0.34–2.26) Squamous cell carcinoma NA 3 2.01 (1.00–4.03) 3 2.01 (1.00–4.03) Lung cancer mortality 7 2.97 (2.14–4.11) 2 1.62 (1.18–2.21) NA Case–control studies Lung cancer diagnosis 41 2.00 (1.65–2.41) 23 1.76 (1.41–2.19) 19 1.74 (1.42–2.13) Adenocarcinoma 10 2.27 (1.46–3.52) 8 1.96 (1.20–3.21) 6 1.51 (0.92–2.48) Small cell carcinoma 4 2.26 (1.13–4.52) 3 1.50 (0.95–2.39) 2 2.05 (0.42–10.03) Squamous cell carcinoma 3 4.51 (2.75–7.39) 4 2.43 (1.34–4.41) 3 2.23 (0.85–5.86) Lung cancer mortality 1 2.86 (1.87–4.45) NA NA NA: not applicable (no study reporting this estimate). #: unadjusted estimates of lung cancer and previous tuberculosis; ¶: adjusted for age and any assessment of smoking; +: adjusted for age and quantitatively assessed smoking; §: hazard ratio for cohort studies and odds ratio for case–control studies; ƒ: studies from Taiwan used the same database and duplication of information was possible, so we considered only the cohort with the largest sample size [14].
- TABLE 2
Stratified pooled analysis of the association between tuberculosis and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis
Model 1# Model 2¶ Model 3+ Studies n Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) Studies n Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) Studies n Pooled estimate§ (95% CI) Cohort studies Risk of biasƒ Low 4 2.27 (1.58–3.26) 4 2.16 (1.35–3.44) 3 1.72 (1.25–2.38) Moderate 7 3.68 (2.57–5.27) 2 1.38 (1.31–1.46) 1 1.38 (1.31–1.46) High 1 5.86 (3.03–11.37) 1 1.00 (0.65–1.54) 1 1.00 (0.65–1.54) Sex Male 4 1.95 (1.43–2.67) 2 1.59 (1.12–2.26) 2 1.59 (1.12–2.26) Female 3 2.37 (1.92–2.92) 1 1.49 (1.28–1.74) 1 1.49 (1.28–1.74) Smoking statusƒ Never-smokers 1 2.45 (2.21–2.72) 2 1.69 (1.21–2.38) 2 1.69 (1.21–2.38) Latency periodƒ Up to 1 year 1 12.5 (7.17–21.73) 2 8.50 (4.09–17.67) 2 8.50 (4.09–17.67) Up to 2 years NA 2 5.01 (3.64–6.89) 2 5.01 (3.64–6.89) Up to 5 years 2 7.69 (4.79–12.34) NA NA ≥2 years NA 2 1.44 (1.06–1.96) 2 1.44 (1.06–1.96) ≥4 years NA 2 0.82 (0.53–1.26) 2 0.82 (0.53–1.26) ≥5 years 2 2.36 (0.90–6.19) NA NA ≥7 years 2 1.61 (0.88–2.95) 1 1.69 (0.62–4.65) 1 1.69 (0.62–4.65) ≥10 years NA 2 1.15 (0.40–3.29) 2 1.15 (0.40–3.29) Case–control studies Risk of biasƒ Low 5 1.92 (0.82–4.51) 2 0.91 (0.79–1.04) 1 0.96 (0.62–1.48) Moderate 15 1.89 (1.38–2.58) 10 1.94 (1.48–2.55) 10 1.94 (1.48–2.55) High 21 2.18 (1.83–2.59) 11 1.87 (1.47–2.39) 8 1.48 (1.16–1.87) Sex Male 10 2.34 (1.81–3.03) 6 2.07 (1.57–2.71) 5 1.87 (1.31–2.66) Female 23 2.04 (1.67–2.50) 13 1.84 (1.49–2.29) 11 1.78 (1.39–2.28) Smoking statusƒ Never-smokers 18 1.69 (1.20–2.36) 13 1.90 (1.51–2.39) 13 1.90 (1.51–2.39) Latency periodƒ 1–5 years NA 2 7.20 (0.52–99.19) 2 7.20 (0.52–99.19) ≥5 years NA 2 3.03 (1.30–7.04) 2 3.03 (1.30–7.04) ≥10 years NA 3 1.57 (1.13–2.16) 3 1.57 (1.13–2.16) ≥20 years NA 3 1.54 (0.97–2.44) 3 1.54 (0.97–2.44) NA: not applicable (no study reporting this estimate). #: unadjusted estimates of lung cancer and previous tuberculosis; ¶: adjusted for age and any assessment of smoking; +: adjusted for age and quantitatively assessed smoking; §: hazard ratio for cohort studies and odds ratio for case–control studies; ƒ: pre-specified subgroup analysis.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material ERR-0025-2022.SUPPLEMENT
