Figures
- FIGURE 1
TGF-β signalling pathways. TGF-β is a central mediator of fibrosis. Canonical signalling via SMAD family proteins can initiate downstream gene expression or repression. Noncanonical signalling can occur via a number of pathways, which can lead to a diverse array of outcomes dependent upon context. A cell's phenotypic response to TGF ligands is dependent on the balance of signalling proteins and pathway interactions. SBE: SMAD-binding element; TBE: transcription factor binding element; TF: transcription factor; P: Phosphorylation; TGF: transforming growth factor; BMP: bone morphogenetic proteins; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; JAK/STAT: Jak family tyrosine kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription; ROCK: Rho-associated protein kinase. Figure was created with BioRender.com.
- FIGURE 2
The anatomy of the larynx and tracheal mucosa. Top: Anatomy of the larynx and normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the airway. Bottom: Intubation can cause mucosal trauma resulting in leukocyte recruitment, activation of fibroblasts and transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts. BM: basement membrane; LP: lamina propria; PNEC: Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Figure was created with BioRender.com.
- FIGURE 3
Prolonged intubation can cause ischaemia and tissue hypoxia leading to fibrosis. ECM: extracellular matrix. Figure was created with BioRender.com.
- FIGURE 4
Biomechanical stress can induce mechanosignalling and contribute to dysregulated wound repair. External forces such as compression or spatial restraints act through focal adhesions. Free (G) actin undergoes actin polymerisation. Actomyosin contraction leads to changes in nuclear architecture and chromatin remodelling, allowing activation of mechanoresponsive genes. Mechanical stretch forces activate stretch-activated ion channels, leading to the activation and translocation of transcription factors resulting in activation of mechanoresponsive genes. TF: transcription factor; Ca2+: Calcium ions; ECM: extracellular matrix: f actin: fibrous actin; G actin: globular actin. Figure was created with biorender.com.
Jump To
- Article
- Abstract
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Risk factors
- The normal wound-healing process
- Molecular mechanisms and key mediators of abnormal wound healing in PI-SGS
- Intubation and abnormal healing in subglottic stenosis
- Using biological innovations to inform PI-SGS management
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Footnotes
- References
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics