Caraher, 2017 [6] | USA | FDNY, WTC-PM, case cohort | 185 | Serum/Luminex | FEV1 | Odds of developing WTC-LI increased by 1.2, 1.8 and 1.0 in firefighters with sRAGE ≥97 pg·mL−1, CRP ≥2.4 mg·L−1 and MMP-9 ≤397 ng·mL−1, respectively |
Lee, 2016 [41] | Taiwan | COPD, PM10, retrospective case–control | 58 | Serum, ELISA | FVC, FEV1/FVC, RV/TLC, DLCO, ΔSaO2, 8-isoprostane, IL-6, RAGE, carbonyl oxidation, ubiquitin, proteasome, beclin-1 | Exposure to elevated levels of PM10 was associated with reduced circulating RAGE levels |
Polverino, 2017 [42] | USA | COPD, cigarette smoke, longitudinal | 82 | Lung, IHC | UACR, eGFR, AGE-RAGE in pulmonary/renal ECs | ↑immunostaining of AGE and RAGE in ECs of COPD cases |
Hoonhorst, 2016 [43] | The Netherlands | COPD, cigarette smoke, longitudinal | 288 | blood/sputum/bronchial biopsies, ELISA/IHC | AGE, sRAGE, lung function | Low sRAGE is associated with COPD and impaired lung function |
John, 2016 [44] | UK | COPD, cigarette smoke, cross-sectional | 291 | Blood, IHC | PWV, BP, skin autofluorescence, sRAGE, lipids | Cardiovascular risk prediction score and sRAGE levels were the same COPD and non-COPD smokers |
Carolan, 2014 [45] | USA | COPDGene, cigarette smoke, cross-sectional | 588 | Plasma, custom assay by Myriad-RBM | %LAA, LP15A, sRAGE | Patients with more emphysema had lower sRAGE and ICAM1 levels |
Iwamoto, 2014 [46] | Finland | COPD, cigarette smoke, longitudinal | 295 | Plasma | FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, sRAGE | Lower sRAGE predicts greater progression of airflow obstruction |
Chen, 2014 [47] | China | COPD, cigarette smoke, ex-vivo | 40 | Lung, HBE/ IHC/ELISA/Western blot | FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, RAGE, NO generation | Overexpression of RAGE contributes to smoking-induced NO generation in COPD |
Coxson, 2013 [48] | Multiple | ECLIPSE, cigarette smoke, longitudinal | 1285 | Serum, ELISA | Lung density on CT scan | Elevated sRAGE, fibrinogen and IL-6 levels at baseline were associated with less progression of emphysema |
Cockayne, 2012 [49] | Germany | COPD, cigarette smoke, prospective observational study | 185 | Serum, multiplex | FEV1, FEV1/FVC, DLCO, 142 analytes | sRAGE and EN-RAGE were two out of seven biomarkers that showed significant differences between severe/very severe COPD, mild/moderate COPD, smoking and nonsmoking control groups; sRAGE and EN-RAGE affect different lung function measures |
Miniati, 2011 [50] | Italy | COPD, cigarette smoke, case–control | 401 | Plasma, ELISA | FEV1, FEV1/FVC, DLCO, emphysema severity, sRAGE | sRAGE is significantly lower in patients with COPD than in age- and sex-matched individuals without obstruction Emphysema is an independent predictor of reduced sRAGE in COPD |
Ohlmeier, 2010 [51] | Finland | IPF/UIP/COPD/AAT | 49 | Lung, 2-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, Western blot, ELISA | RAGE | Three RAGE variants (FL-RAGE, cRAGE, esRAGE) are important in IPF. The decline of FL-RAGE and cRAGE, but not esRAGE, in COPD lungs is evidence of the involvement of specific RAGE variants in this disease |
Ferhani, 2010 [18] | France | COPD, cigarette smoke, N/A | 70 | Lung, Western blot, ELISA, Luminex, IHC, BAL, EC, AM | HMGB1, IL-1β, RAGE | Elevated HMGB1 expression in COPD airways may sustain inflammation and remodelling through its interaction with IL-1β and RAGE |
Zhang, 2014 [52] | China | COPD, cigarette smoke, N/A | 102 | Plasma/serum, ELISA | FEV1, FEV1/FVC, HMGB1, sRAGE, hsCRP, fibrinogen | HMGB1 and sRAGE levels were dynamically changed between exacerbation and convalescence phases of COPD |
Boschetto, 2013 [53] | Italy | COPD, CHF, COPD + CHF, cigarette smoke, N/A | 143 | Plasma, ELISA | sRAGE, CML, BNP | Plasma levels of sRAGE and CML are increased in CHF, but not COPD patients |
Cho, 2015 [54] | Multiple | COPDGene, ECLIPSE, NETT, GenKOLS, cigarette smoke, N/A | 12 031 | GWAS | Loci associated with emphysema | The AGER locus was related to an emphysematous phenotype |
Hardin, 2012 [55] | Poland | COPD, cigarette smoke, N/A | 645 | Blood, TaqMan | FEV1, FEV1/FVC, SNPs COPD and COPD-associated phenotypes, SNPs previously associated with lung function in GWAS and COPD were assessed | In patients with severe COPD, there is an association between two SNPs previously associated with COPD (CHRNA3/5 and IREB2), as well as an association with COPD of one locus initially associated with lung function (ADCY2) |
Li, 2014 [56] | China | COPD, cigarette smoke, N/A | 455 | WBC genomic DNA/ PCR-RFLP | FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC | G82S polymorphism in the RAGE gene is associated with increased risk of COPD; GS genotype of the G82S variant is a COPD risk factor |
Miller, 2016 [57] | UK | COPD, cigarette smoke, N/A | 992 | Lung/serum, IHC, PCR, ELISA | Alveolar RAGE, AGER splicing, sRAGE | AGER splicing, Ser82 allele associated with increased FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio and decreased sRAGE |