Figures
- FIGURE 1
Time frames for the application of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure (ARF) according to the severity and end-of-life choices of patients. ETI: endotracheal intubation; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; EXT-F: extubation failure.
- FIGURE 2
Evidence-based indications for noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) according to the severity and time of acute respiratory failure (ARF) [18]. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACPE: acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema; CAP: community-acquired pneumonia; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.
- FIGURE 3
Integrated strategies to reduce noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation failure in different clinical–physiological scenarios. ECCO2R: extra-corporeal carbon dioxide removal; HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula; FBO: fibre-optic bronchoscopy; HFCWO: high-frequency chest wall oscillation; IPV: intrapulmonary percussive ventilation; VILI: ventilator-induced lung injury.
