In ILDs, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | | |
Macrolides may play an antifibrotic role | Still to be demonstrated in human models | |
Promoters of autophagocytosis and clearance of intracellular protein aggregates | Only cellular models | Guillot [1] Thomson [8] Stamatiou [9] |
Regulators of surfactant homeostasis | One case report | Thouvenin [10] |
Macrolides may act as host–microbiota interaction modulators and/or host immune response modulators | Still to be demonstrated in human models | |
Reduction of acute exacerbations rate | Retrospective monocentric study | Kuse [33] |
In organising pneumonia | | |
Macrolides may exert an anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory action | Case reports and case series | |
As adjuvants to steroid therapy and steroid-sparing agents | One case report | Ding [51] |
As first-line agents as an alternative to steroids | Case reports and case series | Ichikawa [45] Stover [46] Hotta [49] Radzikowska [44] |
As second-line agents when steroids are not tolerated or failed | Case reports and case series | Chang [52] Stover [46] Pathak [53] |